| Infra-Red
Proximity Sensor
(I)
Using
an IR LED as a sensors
By
Ibrahim Kamal
Last update:
4/4/08
 Overview
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Based
on a simple basic Idea, this proximity sensor, is easy to
build, easy to calibrate and still, it provides a detection
range of 35 cm (range can change depending on the ambient
light intensity).
This sensor can be used for most indoor applications where
no important ambient light is present. For simplicity, this
sensor doesn't provide ambient light immunity, but a more
complicated, ambient light ignoring sensor should be discussed
in a coming article. However, this sensor can be used to
measure the speed of object moving at a very high speed,
like in industry or in tachometers. In such applications,
ambient light ignoring sensor, which rely on sending 40
Khz pulsed signals cannot be used because there are time
gaps between the pulses where the sensor is 'blind'...
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The solution proposed doesn't contain any special components,
like photo-diodes, photo-transistors, or IR receiver ICs, only
a couple if IR leds, an Op amp, a transistor and a couple of resistors.
In need, as the title says, a standard IR led is used for the
purpose of detection. Due to that fact, the circuit is extremely
simple, and any novice electronics hobbyist can easily understand
and build it.
Object
Detection using IR light
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It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity
sensors. The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs,
which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor.
Then
all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light.
For detecting the reflected IR light, we are going
to use a very original technique: we are going to use another
IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted
from another led of the exact same type!
This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs) which is the fact that a led Produce a voltage difference
across its leads when it is subjected to light. As if it
was a photo-cell, but with much lower output current. In
other words, the voltage generated by the leds can't be
- in any way - used to generate electrical power from light,
It can barely be detected. that's why as you will notice
in the |
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schematic, we are going to
use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately detect very
small voltage changes.
The
electronic Circuit
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Two different designs are proposed, each
one of them is more suitable for different applications. The main
difference between the 2 designs is the way infra-red (IR) light
is sent on the object. The receiver part of the circuit is exactly
the same in both designs.
Note: Both the sender and the receiver
are constructed on the same board. They are separated in the schematics
for simplification.
Design
1: Low range, Always ON |
As the name implies, the sensor is always ON,
meaning that the IR led is constantly emitting light. this design
of the circuit is suitable for counting objects,
or counting revolutions of a rotating object,
that may be of the order of 15,000 rpm or much more. However this
design is more power consuming and is not optimized for high ranges.
in this design, range can be from 1 to 10 cm, depending on the
ambient light conditions.
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As
you can see the schematic is divided into 2 parts the sender
and the receiver.
The sender is composed of an IR LED (D2) in series
with a 470 Ohm resistor, yielding a forward current of 7.5
mA.
The receiver part is more complicated, the 2 resistors
R5 and R6 form a voltage divider which provides 2.5V at
the anode of the IR LED (here, this led will be used as
a sensor). When IR light falls on the LED (D1), the voltage
drop increases, the cathode's voltage of D1 may go as low
as 1.4V or more, depending on the light intensity. This
voltage drop can be |
detected using an Op-Amp (operational
Amplifier LM358). You will have to adjust the
variable resistor (POT.) R8 so the the voltage at the positive
input of the Op-Amp (pin No. 5) would be somewhere near 1.6 Volt.
if you understand the functioning of Op-Amps, you will notice
that the output will go High when the volt at the cathode of D1
drops under 1.6. So the output will be High when IR light is detected,
which is the purpose of the receiver.
In case you're not familiar with op-amps, here
is shortly and in a very simplified manner, what you need to know
to understand how this sensor functions: The op-amp has 2 input,
the +ve input, and
the -ve input. If
the +ve input's voltage is higher
than the -ve input's voltage, the
output goes High (5v, given the supply voltage in the schematic),
otherwise, if the +ve input's voltage
is lower than the -ve input's voltage,
then the output of the Op-Amp goes to Low (0V). It doesn't
matter how big is the difference between the +ve
and -ve inputs,
even a 0.0001 volts difference will be detected, and the the output
will swing to 0v or 5v according to which input has a higher voltage.
Some applications of the 'low range Always ON' Design:
Notice how in both devices, the IR leds are encapsulated
to protect them from ambient light. this kind of encapsulation
was totally sufficient to overcome all noise due to ambient light
for indoor applications.
Wheel
Encoder
This is a simple wheel encoder based on the idea that white
stripes will reflect IR light, while black ones will absorb
it. this will result in a series of electrical pulses as
the wheel is rotating, providing the microcontroller with
precious information that can be used to calculate displacement,
velocity or even acceleration. It is now clear that this
kind of sensor has to be Always ON, to detect every single
white stripe passing in front of it, to achieve accurate
results. |
Contact-Less
tachometer
This is a tachometer, that counts the revolutions per minute
of a rotating object, given that the object has a reflective
stripe glued on it, that will pass in front of the IR sensor
for each and every revolution, giving a pulse per revolution.
Again a microcontroller will have to be used to 'understand'
the data provided by the sensor and display it. Many commercial
contact-less tachometers, that are sold for more
than $200 rely on this simple idea!
[Build your
own one for less than $20 in this article...]
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Design
2: High range, Pulsed IR
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In this design, which is oriented to obstacle detection
in robots, our primary target is to reach high ranges, from 25
to 35 cm, depending on ambient light conditions. The range of
the sensor is extended by increasing the current flowing in the
led. This is a delicate task, as we need to send pulses of IR
instead of constant IR emission.The duty cycle of the pulses turning
the LED ON and OFF have to be calculated with precision, so that
the average current flowing into the LED never exceeds the LED's
maximum DC current (or 10mA as a standard safe value).
The duty cycle is the ratio between the ON duration of the
pulse and the total period. A low duty cycle will enable
us to inject in the LED high instantaneous currents while
shutting it OFF for enough time to cool down from the previous
cycle.
Those 2 graphs shows the meaning of the duty cycle, and
the mathematical relations between the ON time, the Total
period, and the average current.
In the second graph, the average current in blue is exaggerated
to be visible, but real calculations would yield a much
smaller average current. |
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Pulsed IR, Duty cycle, Average
and Instantaneous current. |
Now, hands on the circuit that will put all this theory into practice.
The CTRL input in the figure, stands for Control,
and this pin should be connected to the source of the low duty
cycle pulses discussed above, whether it is a microcontroller
or an LM555 timer that generates the pulses.
The calculations yielded that a 10 ohm resistor is series with
the LED D2, would cause a current of approximately 250 mA to flow
through the LED. A current this high, would destroy the LED if
applied for a long period of time (some dozens of seconds), this
is why we have to send low duty cycle pulses.
The first Op-amp will provide voltage buffer, to enable
any kind of device to control the
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sensor, also, it will provide the 30mA base current required
to drive the base of the transistor. The calculation of
the the base resistor R3 depends on the type of transistor
you use, thus on how much current you need on the base to
drive the required collector current.
The receiver part of this schematic functions in the exact
same way as in the first design, refer to the first, 'ALLWAYS
ON' design for a detailed description. |
Software
based ambient light detection.
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When the sensor is controlled by a microcontroller
to generate the low duty cycle pulses, you can benefit from the
High and Low pulses to be able to detect any false readings
due to ambient light. This is done by recording 2 different outputs
of the sensor, one of them during the ON pulse (the sensor is
emitting infra red light) and the other during the OFF time. and
compare the results.
The
Idea is enlightened by this graph, where in the first
period, there is low ambient noise, so the microcontroller
records a "1" during the on cycle, meaning that
an object reflected the emitted IR Light, and then the
microcontroller records a "0" meaning that
during the OFF time, it didn't receive anything, which
is logic because the emitter LED was |
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OFF. But study the second period of the graph,
where the sensor is put in a high ambient light environment. As
you can see, the the microcontroller records "1" in
both conditions (OFF or ON). This means that we can't be sure
whether the sensor reception was caused by an object that reflected
the sent IR light, or it is simply receiving too much ambient
light, and is giving "1" whether there is an obstacle
or not.
The following table show the possible outcomes of this method.
Output
recorded during: |
Software based
deduction |
On
pluse |
Off
time |
1 |
0 |
There is definitely
an Obstacle in front of the sensor |
1 |
1 |
The sensor is saturated
by ambient light, thus we can't know if there is an obstacle |
0 |
0 |
There is definitely
Nothing in front of the sensor, the way is clear |
0 |
1 |
This reading is un
logical, there is something wrong with the sensor. |
Example C Code for 8051 microcontrollers
#include <REGX51.h>
#include <math.h>
unsigned char ir; // to store the final result
bit ir1,ir2; // the 2 recording point required for our algorithm delay(y){ // simple delay function
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<y;i++){;}
} void main(){
//P2.0 IR control pin going to the sensor
//P2.1 IR output pin coming from the sensor
while(1){
P2_0 = 1; //send IR
delay(20);
ir1 = P2_1;
P2_0 = 0; //stop IR
delay(98);
ir2 = P2_1;
if ((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 0)){
ir = 1; // Obstacle detected
P2_3 = 1; // Pin 3 of PORT 2 will go HIGH turning ON a LED.
if ((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 1)){
ir = 2; // Sensor is saturated by ambient light
}else{
ir = 0; // The way is clear in front of the sensor.
}
}
}
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Components
positioning:
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The correct positioning of the sender LED, the receiver LED with
regard to each other and to the Op-Amp can also increase the performance
of the sensor. First, we need to adjust the position of the sender
LED with respect to the receiver LED, in such a way they are as
near as possible to each others , while preventing any IR light
to be picked up by the receiver LED before it hit and
object and returns back. The easiest way to do that is
to put the sender(s) LED(s) from one side of the PCB, and the
receiver LED from the other side, as shown in the 3D model below.
This 3D model shows the position of the LEDs. The
green plate is the PCB holding the electronic components
of the sensor. you can notice that the receiver LED is positioned
under the PCB, this way, there wont be ambient light falling
directly on it, as ambient light usually comes from the
top.
It is also clear that this way of positioning the LEDs prevent
the emitted IR light to be detected before hitting an eventual
obstacle. |
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Another important issue about components positioning, is the distance
between the receiver LED and the Op-Amp. which should be as small
as possible. Generally speaking, the length of wires or PCB tracks
before an amplifier should be reduced, otherwise, the amplifier
will amplify - along with the original signal - a lot of noise
picked up form the electromagnetic waves traveling the surrounding.
Here
is an example PCB where the distance between the LED and
the Op-Amp is shown. Sure this distance is not as critical
as you may think, it can be up to 35mm without causing serious
problems, but trying to reduce this distance will Always
give you better results.
Actually, when I design the PCB, I start by placing the
receiver LED and the Op-Amp, as near to each others as possible,
then continue the rest of the design. |
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An
example PCB construction
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Here is an example construction of the PCB for the
High Range, Pulsed IR proximity sensor.
You can download here the project
folder containing the schematic, the PCB
design, and an example code for 8051 microcontroller
to send the low duty cycle pulses.
In this design, the LM358 Op-Amp is mounded on the copper
side, to save some space. The POT is the potentiometer
used to adjust sensitivity.
As explained before, the sender and receiver LEDs are on
both sides of the PCB.
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Testing
the High range Pulsed IR sensor
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The
last step, is to test the performance of the pulsed IR proximity
sensor. To do this, I connected the sensor to a 89S52 microcontroller,
loaded with a program to generate pulses with a duty cycle of
approximately 1.6. at a frequency of 3Khz. LEDs are deigned to
operate at very high frequencies, so you don't have to worry about
the response time. To make sure your duty cycle calculations are
correct, let the sensor running for a minute, and check with your
fingers the temperature of the IR sender LED. If its not hot,
then everything is alright. On the other hand, if the LED is getting
hot, to an extent that you can feel it, there is probably something
wrong, you should then try to decrease the duty cycle, or increase
the series resistor, in order to decrease the average current
flowing into the LED.
Then, you can start testing the range of the sensor, and experiment
it in different ambient light conditions, but the potentiometer
may have to be adjusted carefully, to cope with ambient light.
In the example C code
above, the final output of the sensor appears on the pin P2_3
of the microcontroller, as explained before.
Related
Tutorials
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Download
the zip file for the High range sensor.
containing the PCB, Schematic and Example
8051 C51 code.
[note: i use ExpressPCB(FREEWARE)
to design the schematics and the PCB]
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Preview of the last 15
messages discussing this page. Messages are sorted from the newest to
the oldest. |
Posted
by:
suman1234567890
on:
23 Feb 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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i am facing a problem... i have made that circuit with two IR LED.
void main()
{
/* The pins which are receiving inputs from the sensors should be initially set to logic 1.*/
P1_0=1; /*Left sensor input*/
P1_4=1; /*Right sensor input*/
P0_0=1; /*Enable pin of the left half of the H-bridge*/
P0_4=1; /*Enable pin of the right half of the H-bridge*/
//main loop of the program
while(1)
{
if((P1_0==0)&&(P1_4==1))
TurnRight();
else if((P1_0==1)&&(P1_4==0))
TurnLeft();
else
Forward();
}
}
i hav written that program.
when two sensor are on the white paper two motor r moving forward...
when one sensor is on the white paper and another is on the black paper. only one motor is moving.
WHEN I TAKE TWO SENSOR ON BLACK PAPER ONLY TWO MOTORS R MOVING @@
i m using LM324N.
plz plz..reply.
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Posted
by:
ikalogic
on:
22 Feb 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Quoting blackberry04: haha, pardon me for that sir....anyways...can i use a LM339/393 comparator instead of an OP Amp?
thnx |
normally yes.. but look out for the pin out compability.. also some comparators have open collector outputs that need a pull up resistor (from the top of my head, i am not sure if the 339 is like that)
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Posted
by:
ikalogic
on:
22 Feb 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Quoting blackberry04: Gud day sir,
In Design 2: High range, Pulsed IR , a noob question ,can we increase the value of the resistor (10 ohms) for the sender instead of having a 555timer? |
hmm.. if you increase the 10R, you will send continuous IR right? then you're back to the DESIGN 1.. what's the point?
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Posted
by:
blackberry04
on:
21 Feb 2010 |
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Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Gud day sir,
In Design 2: High range, Pulsed IR , a noob question ,can we increase the value of the resistor (10 ohms) for the sender instead of having a 555timer?
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Posted
by:
ikalogic
on:
16 Feb 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Quoting HARSHIL: SIR WE R MAKING ROBOT WHICH HAS TO SENSE BLACK BOX WHICH R 2 CM !
DISTANCES BETWEEN THEM WE HAVE TO SENSE BLOCKS WHICH HAVE DISTANCE OF 2 CM IN BETWEEN BLOCKS
SO WHEN NO BLOCK IS THERE THEN ALSO WE SENSE AS IN BLACK BOX |
I feel like the problem is quite simple, but i don't understand it!
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Posted
by:
harshil
on:
16 Feb 2010 |
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Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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SIR WE R MAKING ROBOT WHICH HAS TO SENSE BLACK BOX WHICH R 2 CM !
DISTANCES BETWEEN THEM WE HAVE TO SENSE BLOCKS WHICH HAVE DISTANCE OF 2 CM IN BETWEEN BLOCKS
SO WHEN NO BLOCK IS THERE THEN ALSO WE SENSE AS IN BLACK BOX
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Posted
by:
meraj
on:
15 Jan 2010 |
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digital contactless tachometer |
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hi!!! ibrahim
i need ur assistance in my final year project....i m following the same article published on ur website...please do the needful
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Posted
by:
ikalogic
on:
11 Jan 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Quoting shiva_1: i made the sender and receiver circuit, just used lm324 as op amp,
but i m continiously getting 3.7 at the o/p ?
i tried replacing the op amp IC, replacing the IR leds, but no luck?
why is it saturated? any guess? |
will seem stupid but.. :
1- what about the potentiometer? tried to play with it?
2- What is the color of your LED?
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Posted
by:
shiva_1
on:
09 Jan 2010 |
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Re: Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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i made the sender and receiver circuit, just used lm324 as op amp,
but i m continiously getting 3.7 at the o/p ?
i tried replacing the op amp IC, replacing the IR leds, but no luck?
why is it saturated? any guess?
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Posted
by:
sirosh
on:
08 Jan 2010 |
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Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Hello Sir
I am now going to make a water level controller.
i now using a ball to read water level..
There is no ambient light.
In this situation how many range(cm) i can read??
Plz help
I am a beginner in this type project
I am waiting for ur reply
Sirosh (siroshps@gmail.com)
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Posted
by:
pratik20990
on:
19 Oct 2009 |
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Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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i have some doubts-
1. can i use this same circuit(design 1) for a line follower
2. i am using lm324 in place of lm358 and rest everything same...will it make any difference??
3. y r u using such higher values as 470 ohm in sender circuit and 3k8 ohms in receiver circuit. can i use any lower value in place of these two values such as 100 ohms as a value of R7.
4. how we have to set tht 10K Pot......how can we measure the voltage....by a multimeter i guess??
5. if i use an ir receiver diode in place of ir led in receiver circuit will it make any difference??
**pls rply its really urgent**
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Posted
by:
svignesh90
on:
12 Oct 2009 |
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Infra-Red proximity sensors PART 1 |
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Sir,
I'm building a robot now and I would like to use line-tracking sensor which can detect white reflective tape on a black background. The distance from which it can sense the line needs to be approximately 3-5 cm (height of chassis from the ground). Is it advisable to use IR proximity sensors for this?
I checked the line tracking sensors at http://www.ikalogic.com/tut_line_sens_algo.php. The speed at which it detects is important and hence I think IR proximity sensor is better than LED and LDRs. Most of the Line tracking sensors I found online have a very low sensing distance of 1-12 mm (like this one http://www.trossenrobotics.com/p/I2C-Li ... ensor.aspx).
Can you please advice which one will be better for me to use? And is it possible to get a detailed description of "IR proximity sensor used for line-tracking" as it's mentioned for LED and LDR sensor?
Thank you very much.
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